Hyperkalemia

What is hyperkalemia? Hyperkalemia is a condition in which you have excess potassium (k+) in your bloodstream.

 Potassium affects both muscle movements and electrical impulses, an excess can cause an irregular heartbeat. In severe cases, your heartbeat may become slower and your heart may begin to fibrillate --- to twitch without pumping blood. 

In an emergency situation, doctors may use calcium to stimulate cardiac contractions and bring your heart muscle function back to normal. 

Calcium, however, may irritate or damage the veins around your heart. 

Doctors usually choose calcium gluconate because it is the most mild form of calcium and is less likely to cause vascular damage. 

In an acute situation, however, doctors may choose calcium chloride--a more potent form of calcium--despite potential damage to your veins.

Determination of Stroke Volume (SV) and Cardiac Output (CARO)

The amount of blood pumped out of each ventricle per beat, the stroke volume is about 70 mL in resting man of average size in the supine position which 70mL from left ventricle and 70 mL from right ventricle.

 The output of the heart per unit time is the cardiac output.

In resting supine man, it averages about 5.0 L/min (70x72 beats/min).

There is a correlation between resting cardiac output and body surface which the output per minute per square metre of body surface (cardiac index) averages is 3.2

Variations in cardiac output can be produced by changes in cardiac rate or stroke volume.

• The cardiac rate is controlled primarily by cardiac innervation, sympathetic stimulation increasing the rate and parasympathetic stimulation decreasing it.
• The stroke volume also determined in part by neural input, sympathetic stimuli making the myocardial muscle fibers contract with greater strength at any given length and parasympathetic stimuli having the opposite effect

Calculating stroke volume (SV)

SV (mL)= 100 + 0.5 PAP - 0.6 DAP - 0.6 ag

PAP - pulse arterial pressure

DAP - Diastolic arterial pressure

Ag - age surveyed (complete years)

Calculating Cardiac Output (CarO)

CarO (L) = HR (bpm) x SV (ml) / 1000

HR- Heart Rate

The effect of gravity on the linear velocity of blood flow

Effect of gravity on the linear velocity of blood flow in the main arterial vessels in the neck, brain and legs in 67 essentially normal human subjects of both sexes. 

The hemodynamic effect of gravity was neutralized by placing the subjects in the horizontal position; effects of the force of gravity were stimulated by active upright posture. 

It was shown that most commonly the arterial blood flow reacts to the orthostatic orientation by reducing the linear velocity, especially in the leg. 

These results indirectly witness that the hydrostatic pressure gradient on different levels of the arterial system in upright standing humans is not the only factor in reduction of the arterial blood linear velocity.

Cranial Nerves Pairs

    Cranial Nerves consist of 12 pairs:

      I.        Olfactory nerve

    II.        Optic nerve

   III.        Oculomotor nerve

  IV.        Trochlear nerve

   V.        Trigeminal nerve

  VI.        Abducent nerve

 VII.        Facial nerve

VIII.        Vestibulocochlear nerve

  IX.        Glossopharyngeal nerve

   X.        Vagus nerve

  XI.        Accessory nerve

 XII.        Hypoglossal nerve

LIVER - Function, Food for it and unusual condition

Liver is an important organ in our body. How liver play role as important organ?

Bile secretion

-        Liver are endocrine and exocrine as well. As exocrine part, it secreting bile.

-       The bile function is to digest the fat.

-       From the liver, the bile will be send to duodenum through bile duct.

-       The bile stored in gall bladder before transfer to duodenum.

Regulate metabolism of carbohydrates, protein and fats.

Detoxifying substances like drug and alcohol.

Remove damaged erythrocytes from blood.

Synthesis plasma protein, fibrinogen and prothrombin.

Regulate glucose and lipid level in blood.

Store of various substances: glucagon, lipid, vitamin and iron.

Food that good for your liver are:

·         Garlic

·         Beets

·         Carrot

·         Apple

·         Dandelion

·         Prunes

·         Raison

·         Blueberries

·         Blackberries

·          Strawberries,

·          Raspberries

·         Oranges

·         Leafy green vegetables

·         Lemon and limes

 Unusual condition of liver and the term applied for it:

·         Cirrhosis: Long term of damaged that cause scar.

·         Primary biliary Cirrhosis: unclear process that slowly destroy the bile duct in liver.

·         Liver cancer:  always occur after cirrhosis present. Common liver cancer is Hepatocellular carcinoma.

·         Hepatitis: Inflammation of liver caused by viruses like hepatitis A, B and C. It also can be the result from taking drugs, obesity and allergic reaction.

·         Gallstones: Gallstones stuck in bile duct draining the liver.

·         Hematochromatosis: Deposition of Iron in liver, damaging the liver.

·         Primary Sclerosing Cholangitis: Inflammation and scar in bile duct in liver.

·         Liver failure: Infection and excessive alcohol lead to liver failure.